Safety and Behavior at Workspace, Field, and Laboratory

Workspace safety: General safety and accident prevention guidelines, Good personnel safety practices, Fire safety principles and fire handling, first aid, Awareness about members of the Institutional Safety Committee and emergency contact numbers. Laboratory safety: Laboratory safety practices (Do’s and Dont’s), Care in handling chemicals, understanding materials safety data sheet (MSDS), Storing and indexing of materials & chemicals, Disposal of materials, chemicals and biological wastes, first aid, reporting accidents and requisitioning help, Combating accidents, safety of equipment during accidents, Lab bench co-operation with colleagues and co-workers, cultivating practice of collectivism, shared responsibilities and team-spirit among fellow researchers, Advancing culture of scientific sharing and discussion in campus and lab,. Fieldwork safety: Physical safety, Equipment safety, Remote location navigation and communication.

Research Problem Identification and Research Design/Plan

Overview and Definitions, Identification of a research problem, Importance of problem identification, how to formulate a research design, different types of research design Choosing a research problem, designing its investigation, Anticipated outcome, Consequences (pros and cons) of the techniques/design adopted Test: Scientific methods, Types of reasoning (Logics) - Induction – Deduction – Abduction, identifying a topic/area of research, reviewing literature, identifying a question to be answered/solution of a problem to be sought, critically weighing investment (time, money and efforts) to reward (size and scale of answer/solution), Finalizing the research question/problem to be worked on, Cross-disciplinary thoughts and inter- disciplinary research approaches of addressing the question. Design of experiment/research work process and its implementation, Serendipity research.

Good Experimental, Observational and Data Analysis including Computer Applications

Data: Qualitative, Quantitative, Analogue, Digital, Acquiring accurate data with optimal sampling design for target body, Metadata, Data validation, Data documentation, Archival, Retrieval, Data presentation, Scaling, Trends in data and outliers, Drawing inferences based on data trends.

Intellectual Property, Patent Database Search and Patent Writing

Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Pre-IPR system of intellectuality/trade protection: Secrecy/Trade guilds/Cartels, Basic forms of IPRs: ─ Patent, Copyright, Trademark, Designs, Evolution of IP statutes, Major patent databases/offices, CSIR-TKDL, Searching and indexing of patents from different databases, IPR for new technologies, Process patent versus product patent, Art of writing a patent/innovation and claims, Preliminary patent, White space mapping, CSIR & its patents strength.

Writing & Communication of Research Results and Inferences

Scientific writing (including Language proficiency), State-of-the-art scientific literature comprehension, Art and ethics of writing research report/paper, writing of an abstract for scientific community and general public, Skills of making Powerpoint presentations, Art of web-meeting interactions & presentations using latest video-meeting modes. Letter writing and official correspondence.

Analytical Tools and Techniques in Research – A General Crossdisciplinary Exposure

Types of data distribution and graphical representation, Errors in data: systemic, random, Statistical tools for data analysis: Artificial intelligence and machine learning, Data-intensive tasks in earth science, Application of analytical tools in earth sciences

CSIR Guidelines(2020) for "Ethics in Research and in Governance" adopted by AcSIR

Full awareness about the guidelines https://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/OM-Ethics-Guidelines.pdf  and their compliance and practice.

References:

• CSIR Guidelines for Ethics in Research and in Governance - CSIR (2019)

• Ethics in Science Education, Research and Governance- Kambadur Muralidhar, Amit Ghosh, Ashok Kumar Singhvi - INSA (2019)

• Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches by John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell

• The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams

• Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners by Ranjit Kumar

• Research Methology : methods and techniques by CR Kothari & Gaurav Garg

• Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginner′s Guide to Doing a Research Project by Uwe Flick

Philosophy & Ethics

• Introduction to philosophy: definition, nature and scope, concept, branches.

• Ethics: definition, moral philosophy, nature of moral judgements and reactions.

Scientific Conduct

• Ethics with respect to science and research.

• Intellectual honesty and research integrity

• Scientific misconducts: Falsification, Fabrication, and Plagiarism (FFP).

• Redundant publications: duplicate and overlapping publications, salami slicing.

• Selective reporting and misrepresentation of data.

Publication Ethics

• Publication ethics: definition, introduction and importance.

• Best practices / standards setting initiatives and guidelines: COPE, WAME, etc.

• Conflicts of interest.

• Publication misconduct: definition, concept, problems that lead to unethical behavior and vice versa, types.

• Violation of publication ethics, authorship and contributorship.

• Identification of publication misconduct, complaints and appeals 7. Predatory publishers and journals

Open Access Publishing

• Open access publications and initiatives.

• SHERPA/RoMEO online resource to check publisher copyright & self archiving policies.

• Software tool to identify predatory publications developed by SPPU.

• Journal finder / journal suggestion tools viz. JANE, Elsevier Journal Finder, Springer Journal Suggester, etc.

Publication Misconduct

A. Group Discussions (2 hrs.)

• Subject specific ethical issues, FFP, authorship.

• Conflicts of interest.

• Complaints and appeals: examples and fraud from India and abroad.

B. Software tools (2 hrs.)

• Use of plagiarism software like Turnitin, Urkund and other open source software tools.

Databases & Research Metrics

A. Databases (4 hrs.)

• Indexing databases.

• Citation databases: Web of Science, Scopus, etc.

B. Research Metrics (3 hrs.)

• Impact Factor of journal as per Journal Citation Report, SNIP, SJR, IPP, Cite Score.

• Metrics: h-index, g index, ilO index, altmetrics.

Introduction

Solid Earth structure, properties of the Earth materials, surface and subsurface processes, Sampling theory (data distribution functions, scales of space, scales of time, frequency, wavelength and relation to research targets).

Principles of Geothermics

Fundamentals of Heat flow, Heat transfer inside the Earth, Sources of heat Thermal storage and transport properties of rocks, Heat from radioactivity; relation to heat flow.

Principles of Geodesy and Gravity

Shape of Earth, structural elements at different scales, strain-stress, reference frames, coordinate system, cartography, Deformation (surface, subsurface), density properties, isostasy, gravity anomalies (Bouguer, Free-air) (corresponding laboratory sessions).

Principles of Seismology and Seismics

Type of Seismic wave, reflection-refraction in a layered medium, impedance, types of faults, focal mechanism and fault plane solutions, source parameters, shallow, deep and marine Seismics, overview of earthquakes in India (corresponding laboratory sessions).

Principles of Geo-electromagnetism

Magnetic elements, Origin and characteristics of Earth’s magnetic field, crustal magnetism, conductivity structure of Earth, impedance tensors, Magnetotelluric principles, Paleomagnetism (corresponding laboratory sessions).

Principles of Geochemistry, Geochronology

Fundamentals of petrology, microscopy and macroscopy of hard and soft rocks, types of geochemical measurements (Major and minor element, REE, stable isotopes) of hard and soft rocks, water and soil, types of geochronological measurements: C, K-Ar, Ar-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, ReOs, Lu-Hf, U-Th-Pb (corresponding laboratory sessions).

Introduction

Composition of Earth and its constituents (crust, mantle and core), Ionic and co- ordination number, rules of ionic substitution, coupled substitution, distribution coefficient (Capture admission and camouflage) Geochemical classification of elements, behaviour of major and trace including rare earth elements during magmatic crystallization. Introduction to Geochemistry, Geochemical Cycle, geochemical data interpretation in Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic petrology, relationship between petrology and geochemistry Law of radioactivity, Principles Decay schemes and derivation of equation of age, Introduction to isotope geochemistry, Principles of Mass Spectrometry, Instrumentation for Mass Spectrometry, K-Ar, Ar-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Re-Os, Lu- Hf, U-Th-Pb methods of dating the rocks. Mineral Chemistry by EPMA Application of Geochemistry towards understanding of geological mechanisms and exploration of mineral deposits. A case study on application of Geochronology for reconstruction of geodynamic evolution

Practical

For geochemistry, one set of major and trace element data generation and interpretation. For geochronology, one hard/soft rock dating measurement.

Mathematical and Physical Fields

Continuity, Examples of scalar and vector fields in Physics, Gravity & Magnetic fields due to bodies of standard shapes and Problems related to potential field theory between gravity and magnetic potentials. Gravitational and magnetic potentials, equi-potential surfaces, forces of attraction - gravity and magnetic, Gauss (divergence) theorem, Laplace's equation, Poisson's equation, Gauss's integral formula.

Potential theory

Spherical harmonics, shape of the earth, rotation and orbit of the earth, satellite orbits, measuring gravity, gravity anomalies, gravimetric geoid, satellite altimetry, use of satellites in determining the earth's gravity field, Basic principles of satellite-based gravity observations.

Gravity method

Spectral Analysis, fractal analysis, Regional – Residual separation, Upward and Downward continuations

Isostasy

Theory and different concepts of Isostatic models (Pratt, Airy & Flexural), lithospheric flexure Gravity gradient tensor.

Modelling and Interpretation of gravity anomalies

Forward and inverse (linear and nonlinear) modelling methods, Integrated modelling of gravity and geoid.

Applications to geodynamics

Gravity anomalies over important tectonic domains (rift basins, mountain chains, continental and ocean margins, oceanic ridge, subduction zones), tectonic-Hydro geodesy and applications of new generation gravity satellites (GRACE, GRACE-Fo and GOCE) data.

Application for exploration (hydrocarbon/mineral/groundwater)

Microgravity, Temporal variations of gravity & its applications for mass movement (groundwater, glacier).

Practical

Data acquisition layout/installation of equipment, sample data processing and interpretation.

Definition and scope of Geodesy, Earth, Geoid, Ellipsoid of rotation.

Reference system

The celestial sphere, fundamentals of 3-D reference system, spherical trigonometry, geodetic reference systems, principles of space and satellite geodesy, Solar and stellar determinations of astronomic azimuth, astronomic positioning using stars.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

Basic principles of GNSS operations, ranging from space, GNSS constellation, its evolution and present state.

Description of various satellite systems

GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, WAAS, GAGAN, IRNSS, DORIS, COMPASS etc. Datum and reference frames, Sources of errors in navigation and ranging and their avoidance. Mathematical models for absolute and relative static positioning. Characteristics of GNSS instrumentation and data processing software. Theoretical and practical aspects of planning, execution and data analysis for kinematic and static GNSS surveys.

Basic principles of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Review of Radar Imaging Fundamentals, Geometric Aspects of Interferometric Phase Measurement, Interferometric Correlation, Interferometric Processing (Extracting three- dimensional deformation signals) Use of space geodetic techniques for creation and maintenance of co-ordinate reference frames, control surveying.

Application for deformation studies (stress-strain) and Geodynamics

Concept of plate and plate movements, plate model of Morgan, nature of convergent, divergent and conservative plate margins, transpression and transtension.

Practical

Data acquisition layout/installation of equipment, sample data processing and interpretation.

Petrology

Basics of Petrography, Classification of rocks into Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.

Igneous Petrology

Magma and magma genesis, Partial melting and Magmatic differentiation, Contamination and Mixing of magmas, Role of Volatile components, Binary and Ternary systems, textures and structures of Igneous rocks, classification of Igneous rocks - the IUAG systematics, Case histories with Indian examples.

Metamorphic Petrology

Concepts of metamorphism, metamorphic agents and their controlling factors, Grades of Metamorphism, common minerals of metamorphic rocks, textures and structures, metamorphic facies concept, Phase diagrams and graphic representation of mineral assemblages, Prograde and retrograde metamorphism, Metasomatism, Metamorphic reactions, Elemental exchange–exchange and net-transfer reactions, Equilibrium thermodynamics and Geothermobarometry, Barrovian zones and P-T conditions of isograds, Plate tectonics and metamorphic processes, Archaean and Proterozoic terrains-greenstone-amphibolite-granulite terrains of India.

Sedimentary Petrology

Geologic cycle, Definitions and fundamental concepts in Sedimentary Petrology, Sedimentary textures, Petrography of rocks of clastic, chemical and biochemical origin (Conglomerates, Sandstone, Mudstone, Limestone & Dolomite), Evaporite, Phosphorite, Chert, Iron and Manganese rich sediments, Sedimentary structures (Physical structures, Biogenic sedimentary structures, Diagenetic structures), Concept of Sedimentary facies association models (Marine, non-marine, and Mixed Depositional Environment) A case study of application of Petrology for tracing origin, composition, alteration of rocks and mineral deposit.

Practical

Petrography of each petrological variety

Basic seismological theory

stress, strain, equation of motion, seismic waves, seismic wave equation, ray tracing in layered media including Snell’s law, Huygen’s principle, Fermat’s principle, Eikonal equation, ray parameter/slownessm ray theory, Theory of Love and Rayleigh surface waves, surface wave dispersion.

Seismology & Earth structure

Reflection and refraction seismology in brief, concept of common midpoint stacking, deconvolution, migration, ray paths, travel-time curves, different earthquake phases, anisotropy, attenuation- Q factor.

Earthquake source

Concept of focal mechanism including fault geometry, radiation pattern, first motion polarity, waveform modelling using source time function, equivalent forces and moment tensors; corner frequency from source spectra, source parameters – seismic moment, fault radius and stress drop.

Hypo central parameters of earthquakes

Definition of hypocenter, epicenter, basic inverse theory for location, location methodology – 1 station, 3 station method, Wadati diagrams, magnitude calculation, different magnitude scale, intensity, earthquake statistics- b value.

Travel-time tomography

Basic concepts and theory

Receiver Function Analysis

Concepts

Earthquake hazard

Great earthquakes and damages, Paleo seismology, Seismic source and dynamic rupture modeling, Seismic hazard assessment, Strong ground motion prediction through probabilistic and deterministic analysis, simulation of synthetic accelerograms, Seismic hazard maps, Seismic Micro zonation, Vulnerability analysis, Seismic risk, Geotechnical analysis, Structural geology, Site amplification effects, Liquefaction potential, Earthquake effects on structures, Earthquake resistant design, Landslides, Tsunami genic earthquakes.

Practical

Data acquisition layout/installation of equipment, sample data processing and interpretation.

Introduction to Statistical Methods

Mean values and standard deviations, probability, conditional and joint probability, Bayes’ theorem, Binomial, Normal and Poisson Distributions, Gaussian limit of the binomial distribution, distribution of several random variables, continuous distributions, Testing of Hypothesis. - Sampling and Large Sample Test-Chi-square test, Theory of Estimation, Optimization techniques and Time Series Analysis. Random variables, Random numbers, Probability, Probability distribution, distribution function and density functions, Examples of distribution and density functions.

Geostatistical Methods and Modeling

Estimation of spatial covariances or semi variances to which are fitted plausible variogram models, and (2) kriged predictions based on the variogram models, use of statistics to analyse and predict the values associated with spatial or spatiotemporal phenomena.

Inverse Theory introduction

Forward and Inverse problem

An untold inverse

Interpretation of inaccurate, insufficient and inconsistent data, Matrix and Vector norms, Matrix factorization, Inversion, Ill-posed matrices, Eigen values and eigenvectors physical meaning, condition numbers.

Classical Inverse Theory

Existence, stability, uniqueness, Under-determined, Over- determined and mixed-determined problems, Least squares and maximum likelihood, Data and Model Norm, Lagrange multipliers, Statistical description, Likelihood, Prior and posterior.

Direct inversion methods

Model based inversion methods, linear inverse methods and solution of linear inverse problems, Stability and uniqueness-singular value decomposition analysis, Methods of constraining the solution, Uncertainty estimates, iterative linear methods for quasi-linear problems, Bayesian formulation, solution using probabilistic formulation, linear case, case of weak non-linearity, quasi-linear case.

Monte Carlo Methods

Enumerative or grid search techniques, Monte Carlo inversion, Hybrid Monte-Carlo-linear inversion, Direct Monte Carlo methods.

Simulated Annealing Methods

Metropolis algorithm, Mathematical model and asymptotic convergence, Heat bath algorithm, mathematical model and asymptotic convergence A case study of application to earth science data.

Practical

Application to digital data for at least two techniques of student’s choice.

Mathematical concepts

Fourier transform, convolution, correlation, filter design, Hilbert transform, Radon transform, tau-p transform, etc. Seismic velocity of rocks.Ray theory and geometry of seismic waves, characteristics of seismic events.

Wave theory

Seismic wave propagation in earth, Energy partitioning (normal and oblique incidence), Green function and related theorems (Uniqueness, Representation, Reciprocity, Lippman-Schwinger, etc.), Seismic sources representation.

Acquisition

2D/3D data acquisition, azimuthal acquisition, multi component acquisition, sources and receivers, CDP technique, energy partitioning, travel time curves, blind zones Data formats, Sampling and aliasing, seismic amplitude and gain control, travel time curves, blind zones.

Seismic data processing

Amplitude and gain control, Data Conditioning, sampled time series, sampling rate, and aliasing, Nyquist theorem, Seismic resolution, Filter design and different types of filters, Convolution and correlation, Demultiple techniques, Static and dynamic corrections, Inverse Q-filter, Parameter Analysis, Data Enhancement, Phase and Hilbert transforms, Domain transformation (XT to FX, Tau-p), Migration / Depth Conversion, Low velocity delineation.

Seismic Velocity

Phase picking, Travel time inversion; Travel time tomography, Full waveform inversion-concepts and application, different types of inversion and the optimization processes in inversion AVO Inversion, Impedance Inversion, Slant stack, Seismic attenuation, Crosshole seismic studies for shallow seismic studies; Vertical Seismic Profiling - Concepts; wavefield decomposition, Seismic Attributes- pure and hybrid attributes, Time-lapse (4D) seismic.

Seismic interpretation

Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretation, Well ties and Seismic Inversion, Quantitative Seismic Interpretation, Seismic Reservoir Characterization with Rock and fluid properties, Introduction to Hampson Russell software, Geostatistical simulation of reservoir properties, Time-lapse seismic and its applications.

Application

Role of seismic method in hydrocarbon exploration: a case study each for conventional hydrocarbon exploration, gas hydrate/shale gas/CBM exploration.

Practical

Designing seismic data acquisition layout, Acquisition of a few test records, Demonstration of basic data processing and interpretation.

Signal and systems

Definition and examples, Properties of a signal, Operations on signal, Energy measures of the signal, Classification of signals, Earth as a system and general response of a system, Types of systems, Properties of system, Causality and its implications, System response to ideal functions.

Fourier series

Origin of the Fourier series and its derivation, Approximating some characteristic functions with Fourier series, Necessary conditions, and Properties of the Fourier series.

Fourier transform

Forward and inverse Fourier transforms, frequency domain characteristics for periodic, aperiodic, discrete, and continuous signals, properties of Fourier transform, Application to some characteristic signals, Bandwidth concept, Gibbs phenomenon.

Laplace transform

Definition and its properties, s-plane, Laplace transform of some characteristic signals.

Analog to digital conversion

Physical explanation and mathematical explanation of A2D conversion, Quantification error, Nyquist frequency, aliased frequencies, Shanon sampling theorem, Dirac comb function, Reconstruction of the signal.

Z-Transform

Definition and its region of convergence, Application to some simple signals, Poles and zeros of a function, effect of poles and zeros location on the system, Relation with other transforms, Mapping between the s-plane and other planes.

DFT and FFT

Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT/IFT operator, computation cost, some simple examples, spectral leakage, window function and associated characteristics. Fast Fourier transform, Decimation in time and frequency, Cooley– Tukey FFT algorithm, butterfly structure and twiddle factor, frequency distribution and Nyquist frequency, zero padding and its effect, convolution using FFT.

Filter

Low pass, high pass, band pass and notch filters, filter characteristics, FIR and IIR filters, designing simple filters, Deconvolution and filtering, Dipoles and their response, Minimum/ maximum phase wavelet.

Other topics

Random variable, Random process, stationary time series, ergodicity, Wold decomposition theorem, Maximum extropy method, Periodogram.

Some topics/applications pertaining to earth science

Special transforms (Hilbert, Radon, Hartley, tau-p, etc.), Least-square filtering, Layered-earth response, Geophone array response, Velocity filtering. An application to gravity magnetic, Least square filters (Weiner, spike, predictive, etc.).

Practical

Application to digital data for at least two techniques of student’s choice

Principles of Electricity and Magnetism

Static charge distributions (electrostatics: Electric charges, Coulomb’s law, Newton’s law, Field intensity, lines of force, charge density, Potential, Conservative fields, equipotential surface, Potential gradient, Poisson’s and Laplace Equations, Field and potential of charged sphere, line charge, electric dipole, arbitrary distribution, Green’s theorem, Green’s function, solution of Laplace equation in unbounded region, Green’s equivalent stratum, Dirichlet and Neumann problems).

Magnetostatics

electric and magnetic properties of matter (Nature of dielectrics and conductors, Polar and non-polar dielectrics, Polarization and displacement, Electrostatic equation for dielectrics).

Electric Fields in Conductors

Current and current density, Ohm’s law in differential and integral form; equation of continuity, Laplace equation and boundary conditions, point electrode near the boundary of two conducting media, dissipation of energy in current flow, relation between resistance and capacitance.

Magnetic fields

Concept, magnetic field of current, magnetic field of a circular loop and solenoidal current, Integral and differential forms of Ampere’s law, magnetic flux, Magnetic vector potential, magnetic dipole, magnetic media magnetization vector, H-field, magnetic susceptibility and permeability, boundary conditions, ferromagnetism, magnetic poles, magnetic scalar potential, magnetic circuit, relation between gravity and magnetic potentials.

Brief concepts of Electrical methods

Data acquisition and processing. Concept of apparent resistivity. Homogeneous anisotropic earth potential. Description of geoelectric section. Interpretation of resistivity sounding for horizontal boundaries. Resistivity profiling, apparent resistivity about structures of geometrical shape and arbitrary shape. Basic concepts of IP, time and frequency domains, theoretical and model work.

Electromagnetic theory of induction

Brief concepts of electromagnetic depth soundings. Computation of response for loop and dipole sources for two and three-layer earth models. Interpretation of EM sounding Curves. Forward problem – graphical and scale modeling. Inverse problem. Brief concepts of transient sounding – data acquisition and processing. Interpretation of transient EM Soundings. Induced polarization soundings – Parameters involved in measurement, time and frequency domain methods.

Principles of other EM methods

AFMAG, VLF and Radio wave mapping methods. Brief description of finite element modeling used for VLF method. Interpretation of AFMAG and Radio wave mapping methods.

Elements of geomagnetic field

Global pattern, time variations, measurement techniques, spherical harmonic analysis, geomagnetic maps, IGRF, origin, crustal and core fields, secular variations, magnetic chronology, excursions and reversals, polar wander.

Geomagnetic reversals and paleomagnetism

Principles of measurement, interpretation, apparent polar wander path, paleointesity, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility Application of EM for shallow (critical zone) and deep (crust-mantle) structure.

Practical

Data acquisition layout/installation and equipment, data processing and interpretation for geomagnetism, electromagnetic induction, paleomagnetism.

Introduction

Basic principles of Analytical and numerical methods to solve geophysical problems. Concept of Bessel and Green’s function.

Solution of a system of linear Equations

Direct methods (Gaussian elimination, Gauss Jordan method, LU, QR decomposition, Tridiagonal, penta-diagonal matrix, etc.), Iterative methods (Gauss Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel, SOR method).

Roots of Nonlinear Equations

Bisection method, Regula-Falsi method, Newton- Raphson method, Fixed point iteration method, convergence criteria.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Gerschgorin circle theorem, Jacobi method, Power methods.

Interpolation

Polynomial method, Newton’s method, Lagrange method, Cubic- spline method.

Numerical Differentiation and Integration

Forward/ Backward/central difference formula, Higher-order derivative techniques. Trapezoidal method, Simpson's method (1/3rd, 3/8th rules), Rhomberg method, Gauss Legendre Integration, Evaluation of double integral.

Solution of ODE

Solving ODEs using Euler and Runge Kutta methods; application to solving initial value problems, boundary value problems and the heat equation.

Solution of PDE

Taylor expansions and concept of finite differences (FD), Solving BVPs using FD and iterative methods; Solving PDEs using explicit and implicit FD methods; Solving the wave equation and using FD; Solving static mechanical equilibrium using FD and applications; Introduction to Finite Element Modeling, application to spatial derivatives, Local and global discretization, constructing shape functions, imposition of boundary conditions, solution of the global matrix, application to heat equation in 1D.

Optimization methods

Line search (golden section, Fibbonacci method, Newton's method, secant method), steepest descent method, newton method, Conjugate Direction method), Nelder-Mead method, Global optimization methods (SA, GA, PSO).

Practical

Application of analytical and numerical methods to 1D heat equation with sample data set.

Introduction

Geology and heat architecture of earth’s interior, heat loss from continents and oceans, Energy budget of the Earth.

Continental Heat Flow

Determination of virgin rock temperatures, geothermal gradient, heat flow, corrections, Measurements of thermal conductivity, diffusivity, Analysis of rocks for U, Th and K abundances, radiogenic heat production, Anisotropy, temperature and pressure dependence in thermal properties, Thermal Structure of Continental Lithosphere.

Oceanic Heat Flow

Oceanic heat flow, Measurement techniques, Age dependence of heat flow, bathymetry and lithospheric thickness, Ocean Cooling Models, Hydrothermal Circulation, Thermal Structure of Oceanic Lithosphere (including subduction zones).

Applications of Geothermic

Heat flow and geodynamics, Geothermal record of climate change, integration with other proxy indicators of climate change, Exploration for geothermal energy resources, subsurface flow of geothermal fluids, characteristics of geothermal system.

Practical

Data acquisition layout/installation and equipment, data processing and interpretation.

• Traditional and narrative survey and hypothesis building .

• Systematic survey.

• Metanalysis.

• Meta-synthesis.

The above topics would lead to critique of current state of knowledge of specialization using analysis relationship and connections among different works.

Lecture series on Grassroot Innovations or other relevant topics arranged by AcSIR by CSIR or guest faculty and taught through digital mode. Labs may define appropriate project related to identification of social problems, intervention and value creation for the benefit of the Society. It is suggested that the brainstorming and execution/design be carried out by a team of not less than 3 students. Any other Outreach Program including JIGYASA program may be brought under this module.